Among the USA’s allies in the war against terrorism, Pakistan cannot be easily characterized as either friend or foe. Nuclear-armed Pakistan is an important centre of radical Islamist ideas and groups. After 9/11, the selective cooperation of President General Pervez Musharraf in sharing intelligence with the United States and apprehending Al-Qaeda members led to the assumption that Pakistan might be ready to give up its long-standing ties with radical Islam. But Pakistan’s status as an Islamic ideological state is closely linked with the Pakistani elite's world view and the praetorian ambitions of its military. Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military analyses the origins of the relationships between Islamist groups and Pakistan's military, and explores the nation’s quest for identity and security. Tracing how the military has sought US support by making itself useful for concerns of the moment while continuing to strengthen the mosque–military alliance within Pakistan Haqqani offers an alternative view of political developments since the country’s Independence in 1947. This new edition of this classic work includes data updates and an Epilogue by the author.